The
When the immune system works optimally, it does a great job of defending the body. But having a weakened immune system can increase the risk of delayed wound healing, infectious illnesses such as colds, and other infections.
Various vitamins and minerals, often referred to as “micronutrients,” are necessary for a healthy immune system.
The main
Ideally, we would all obtain optimal amounts of these micronutrients through a well-balanced diet — but this can be difficult to achieve.
Many people worldwide have nutrient deficiencies. In the United States, nearly
Many factors, such as stress and infection, can further deplete nutrient stores throughout the body.
Meanwhile, aging increases the body’s demand for micronutrients. People
To support a healthy immune system and meet nutritional requirements, a person can make sure that their diet is healthy and take a multivitamin that contains 100{fc1509ea675b3874d16a3203a98b9a1bd8da61315181db431b4a7ea1394b614e} of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of each nutrient.
However, many standard multivitamins may not contain enough vitamin C. Researchers believe that
If a person already has a deficiency, they likely need more of that nutrient than a multivitamin contains.
Although some studies suggest that supplementation with multiple immune-supporting micronutrients is beneficial, more research is needed.
Currently, the
Below, we look at what the research says about taking supplements of these nutrients.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C is also an antioxidant, meaning that it fights off free radicals, which may help prevent certain cancers and heart disease.
The human body cannot make vitamin C, so it needs to come from foods or dietary supplements.
The RDA for vitamin C is
While most studies show that taking vitamin C does not prevent colds in the general population, it may help reduce the symptoms and severity of a cold. For example, one meta-analysis from 2018 found that taking extra doses of vitamin C may help reduce the duration of the common cold by up to half a day, as well as symptoms such as chest pain, a fever, and chills.
Vitamin C supplementation may be even more beneficial for people who perform heavy physical activity. In five trials with 598 total participants, who were exposed to short periods of extreme physical stress, vitamin C reduced common cold risk by
Vitamin D
Vitamin D plays a critical role in keeping the immune system strong so that the body can fight off bacterial and viral illnesses, such as a cold. Some clinical trials suggest that supplementation of
Other
Some
Many experts believe that the current vitamin D RDA of
However, the evidence remains inconclusive, and finding the dosage that best supports immune function requires further research.
Zinc
A zinc deficiency can weaken the immune system by impairing the formation, activation, and maturation of lymphocytes, white blood cells that are an active part of the immune system.
Several
However, identifying the best dosages for supporting immune health and treating colds will require further research.
Many have touted probiotics, or “good bacteria,” as another natural way to boost immunity.
We know that they play a key role in helping maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the gut, and new research supports the idea that they have beneficial effects on immunity.
For example, one study from 2020 — carried out, it must be noted, by a company that produces probiotics — found that probiotic use may reduce the incidence and duration of upper respiratory infections.
The authors call for more research to establish a relationship between probiotics and the immune system.
Many people are taking one or a combination of supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.
But there is
Only vaccines, together with strict hygiene measures, are proven to help prevent COVID-19. For severe cases of COVID-19, doctors may use specific medications.
Even supplementation with vitamins C and D above the current RDAs may be beneficial to the immune system, as long as dosages stay below the recommended safety limits.
Many supplements can interact with medications and other supplements. And combining different supplements can also lead to very high amounts of certain nutrients in the body, which can have potentially severe side effects.
For example, excess vitamin C is excreted in the urine and
Too much vitamin D — more than
Very high levels can even lead to kidney failure, an abnormal heartbeat, and death. Vitamin D also interacts with medications, such as the weight loss pill orlistat (Alli, Xenical), steroids, and cholesterol-lowering statins.
If a person has too much zinc, it
Probiotics are safe for
Having a healthy lifestyle can help the body’s natural defenses and benefit overall health. This
- not smoking
- exercising
- avoiding excess alcohol consumption, for those who drink
- washing the hands frequently
- managing stress well
- keeping up to date with recommended vaccines
- having a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables
- having a moderate weight
- getting
at least 7 hours of sleep in every 24-hour period
There is no evidence that mega-doses of vitamins and nutrients can boost the immune system. The best way to ensure that the immune system functions well is to have a balanced diet, get enough sleep, exercise, and take the vaccinations that are offered.
Anyone with nutrient deficiencies who is unable to have a healthy, balanced diet may find it beneficial to take a daily multivitamin. But though some research shows that getting more than the RDAs of vitamins C and D might help support immune health, confirming this requires more research.
If a person thinks they have a nutrient deficiency, they should consider speaking with a doctor about having a blood test. This will help pinpoint any deficiencies and determine the right approach to supplementation.
Before taking any supplement, a person should have a conversation with a primary care doctor who is familiar with their medical history.